Background: One of the pathogenic factors and a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is colitis and intestinal dysbiosis. Pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO), an antidiabetic medication which stimulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) & possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Low aqueous solubility of PIO results in limited absorption and pharmacodynamics. The...