According to the last update of ESPAGHAN/NASPAGHAN guidelines, noninvasive tests e.g.H. pylori stool antigen test and urea breath test cannot be relied upon alone for initial diagnosis of H. pylori infection.Invasive gastric biopsy-based methods, e.g., positive bacterial culture alone or evidence of H. pylori gastritis on histopathology plus rapid urease test or a molecular-based test should confi...