Batch measurements were conducted to assess the adsorption performance of raw and acid-activated bentonite with various operating conditions, including pH (3-11), initial PCP concentration (30-1000 mg/l), contact time (10-180 min), and temperature (25-65 °C).Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the structure a...